Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the world’s deadliest infectious diseases. The risk of developing TB among the millions of people living with HIV (PLHIV) is 18 times higher than in the rest of the global population. An estimated eight percent of the reported TB cases in 2020 were among PLHIV, and 214,000 TB deaths were among HIV-positive people. TB remains not only the world’s leading infectious-disease killer in low- and middle-income countries, but also the overall leading cause of death among PLHIV, accounting for around 30 percent of AIDS-related deaths. HIV and multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) are a particularly deadly combination. Even with early diagnosis and treatment initiation, PLHIV with MDR-TB are more likely to die.